Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome (ODS) is a neurological disorder characterized by the destruction of myelin sheaths in the central nervous system due to rapid shifts in serum osmolality, typically caused by overly rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia. It is a rare but serious condition. Pathophysiology ODS usually occurs when chronic low sodium levels (hyponatremia) are corrected […]
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Bronchoscopy is a medical procedure that allows doctors to examine the airways and lungs using a specialized instrument called a bronchoscope. This diagnostic and therapeutic tool plays a crucial role in evaluating and managing respiratory conditions. What is a Bronchoscope? A bronchoscope is a thin, flexible or rigid tube equipped with a camera and light
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A tympanogram is a diagnostic test used to evaluate the function of the middle ear by measuring its response to changes in air pressure. The results are typically classified into types based on the shape of the tympanometric curve. During this test probe was inserted into the ear canal and measured the compliance of the
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A tympanogram is a diagnostic test used to evaluate the function of the middle ear by measuring its response to changes in air pressure. The results are typically classified into types based on the shape of the tympanometric curve. During this test probe was inserted into the ear canal and measured the compliance of the
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An audiogram helps diagnose various hearing-related diseases and conditions based on the pattern of hearing loss, the type of hearing loss (conductive, sensorineural, or mixed), and other test results. Below is a list of diseases or conditions commonly diagnosed with the help of an audiogram, with examples and their audiometric features. 1. Conductive Hearing Loss
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Pure tone audiometry (PTA) measures hearing sensitivity and is represented on an audiogram, a graph showing the softest sounds a person can hear at various frequencies. Here’s a step-by-step guide to reading and interpreting pure tone audiometry results: Step 1: Understand the Audiogram • X-axis: Represents frequencies (pitches) in hertz (Hz), typically ranging from 250
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Balance is a crucial physiological function that allows humans to maintain posture, move without falling, and navigate through complex environments. The ability to balance relies on the coordinated action of multiple sensory systems, the central nervous system (CNS), and musculoskeletal components. Below is a detailed exploration of the physiology of balance and how the body
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Hearing is a complex and fascinating process that allows us to perceive sounds and interpret them as meaningful signals. This intricate sense involves the coordinated function of several anatomical structures and physiological mechanisms, starting from the outer ear and ending in the brain. Below is an exploration of the physiology of hearing, detailing each step
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The ear is a sensory organ responsible for hearing and balance. It is divided into three main parts: the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. Each part has specific structures and functions. 1. Outer Ear The outer ear collects and funnels sound waves into the ear canal. • Pinna (Auricle): The visible part of
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Anxiety is a natural emotional response to stress, uncertainty, or perceived danger. It can manifest as a sense of unease, worry, or fear, and while mild anxiety can help motivate us to act or prepare for challenges, excessive or persistent anxiety can interfere with daily life. This article explores the causes, symptoms, and strategies for
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