Western Medicine

Tuberculosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and has been a global health concern for centuries. Despite advancements in medicine, TB remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in […]

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Understanding the Superficial Cervical Plexus Block: Procedure, Benefits, and Applications

A superficial cervical plexus block is a regional anaesthetic technique used to provide pain relief or numbness in the neck and upper shoulder region. It involves targeting the superficial cervical plexus, a network of nerves located near the side of the neck, which supplies sensation to the skin of the neck, jaw, ear, and portions

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Postoperative fever

Postoperative fever is classified based on the timing of onset and the likely causes. Here’s a general guide according to the days after surgery: Day 0-2 (Immediate/Acute): Causes: • Inflammatory response to surgical trauma or anesthesia (common and benign) • Atelectasis (controversial, but frequently cited as a cause) • Pre-existing infection or bacteremia (e.g., from

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Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome (ODS)

Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome (ODS) is a neurological disorder characterized by the destruction of myelin sheaths in the central nervous system due to rapid shifts in serum osmolality, typically caused by overly rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia. It is a rare but serious condition. Pathophysiology ODS usually occurs when chronic low sodium levels (hyponatremia) are corrected

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Understanding Bronchoscopy: A Window into the Lungs

Bronchoscopy is a medical procedure that allows doctors to examine the airways and lungs using a specialized instrument called a bronchoscope. This diagnostic and therapeutic tool plays a crucial role in evaluating and managing respiratory conditions. What is a Bronchoscope? A bronchoscope is a thin, flexible or rigid tube equipped with a camera and light

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How to Read Pure Tone Audiometry (PTA) – Part 1

Pure tone audiometry (PTA) measures hearing sensitivity and is represented on an audiogram, a graph showing the softest sounds a person can hear at various frequencies. Here’s a step-by-step guide to reading and interpreting pure tone audiometry results: Step 1: Understand the Audiogram • X-axis: Represents frequencies (pitches) in hertz (Hz), typically ranging from 250

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The Physiology of Balance: Understanding How the Body Maintains Equilibrium

Balance is a crucial physiological function that allows humans to maintain posture, move without falling, and navigate through complex environments. The ability to balance relies on the coordinated action of multiple sensory systems, the central nervous system (CNS), and musculoskeletal components. Below is a detailed exploration of the physiology of balance and how the body

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