Western Medicine

brain death conformation

Brain Death Confirmation: A Step-by-Step Medical Protocol

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Introduction Brain death is the irreversible cessation of all brain and brainstem functions, a critical diagnosis with profound medical, ethical, and legal implications. Unlike coma or vegetative states, brain death is legally equivalent to cardiopulmonary death. This guide provides a step-by-step protocol for confirming brain death, adhering to the latest 2023 AAN/ACCM guidelines, ensuring accuracy for healthcare professionals […]

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Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT): A Lifesaving Intervention for Critically Ill Patients

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Introduction Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) is a specialized form of dialysis designed for hemodynamically unstable patients in intensive care units (ICUs). Unlike conventional intermittent hemodialysis (IHD), CRRT provides slow, continuous blood purification, making it safer for patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) or multiorgan failure. This article explores the principles, modalities, indications, and clinical

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Protocol for Death Confirmation (Medical Professional’s Guide)

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Death conformation should be done by authorized medical officer. Patients with brain death but intubated and ventilated need expert opinion and specific protocol for death conformation. 1. Initial Assessment 2. Check Vital Signs Confirm absence of: 3. Confirmatory Signs 4. Documentation Record in medical notes: 5. Special Considerations 6. Legal Requirements FAQs 1. Who can

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Central Venous Lines: Types, Uses, and Considerations

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Introduction A central venous line (CVL), also known as a central venous catheter (CVC), is a medical device used to provide direct access to a large vein, typically in the chest, neck, or groin. These catheters are essential for administering medications, fluids, and nutrition, as well as for monitoring central venous pressure and facilitating hemodialysis.

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Dacron cuff

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A Dacron cuff is a small, fibrous material attached to certain tunnelled central venous catheters (e.g., Hickman, Broviac, and some dialysis catheters). It is positioned under the skin, near the exit site of the catheter. Functions of the Dacron Cuff: 1. Prevents Infection:  The body’s tissue grows into the cuff, creating a barrier that helps

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Scarlet Fever: (Fever with Rash) Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

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Scarlet fever, also known as scarlatina, is a bacterial infection that primarily affects children but can occur in individuals of any age. It is characterized by a distinctive red rash, high fever, and sore throat. Although scarlet fever was once a serious and life-threatening illness, modern medicine has made it highly treatable with antibiotics. However,

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Herpetic Gingivostomatitis: Painful Oral Ulcers in Children : How to treat 

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Herpetic gingivostomatitis is a common oral infection caused by herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1). It primarily affects children but can also occur in adults, especially those with compromised immune systems. This condition is characterised by painful sores in the mouth, swollen gums, and systemic symptoms like fever. While herpetic gingivostomatitis can be distressing, it is

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Tuberculosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and has been a global health concern for centuries. Despite advancements in medicine, TB remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in

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Understanding the Superficial Cervical Plexus Block: Procedure, Benefits, and Applications

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A superficial cervical plexus block is a regional anaesthetic technique used to provide pain relief or numbness in the neck and upper shoulder region. It involves targeting the superficial cervical plexus, a network of nerves located near the side of the neck, which supplies sensation to the skin of the neck, jaw, ear, and portions

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Postoperative fever

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Postoperative fever is classified based on the timing of onset and the likely causes. Here’s a general guide according to the days after surgery: Day 0-2 (Immediate/Acute): Causes: • Inflammatory response to surgical trauma or anesthesia (common and benign) • Atelectasis (controversial, but frequently cited as a cause) • Pre-existing infection or bacteremia (e.g., from

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